Tag: History of corporations

INTRODUCTION Corporate Finance concerns the financial decisions managers of firms have to make. It can be split into two basic questions: What real assets should the firm invest in? Capital budgeting (investment decisions) is a process a business undertakes to evaluate potential investment projects which require investment in real assets such as land, plant, machinery, and new product development. How should the real assets be financed? The financing decisions (capital structure decisions) consider both, debt and equity (share capital) that are going to be used to finance the investments required in a project. FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS Most large businesses are organized in the form of limited liability companies or corporations. The form of organizing a business affects, first of all, the source of the finances available and secondly, the conflicts of interest that might arise within an organization between the partners. Proprietorship is the simplest form. It is owned and run by one single person which is called the proprietor. The limitation from the financial perspective is that the funding of the firm only can be provided by the sole proprietor. Also, the firm is legally not separated from the proprietor which means that the owner is unlimited liable with personal assets if the proprietorship firm is unable to pay. Therefore, the proprietorship firm is also not limited, and the liability of the firm is not restricted to the capital that has been invested. Nevertheless, proprietorships are simple to start with, there are very limited regulations and the income is taxed together with that of the proprietor’s income. A partnership firm can have several partners who contribute to the capital of the firm. This enables the firm to raise more capital than one single person in a proprietorship. As well as in the proprietorship, in a partnership firm the personal assets of the partners are unlimited and liable to repay debts. However, there are venture capital funds where the general partners (venture capital manager) who actively manage have unlimited liability and the investors (limited partners) have limited liability. A corporation is a legal entity separated from its owner which makes it possible to enter into contracts. The corporation is liable for itself and cannot be transferred to the shareholders. Therefore, the owners or shareholders are limited liability and are taxed separately from the corporation. However, this might lead to double taxation – the profit earned by the company will be taxed and the dividends paid to the shareholders too. Corporations make it possible that people can invest in the company even if they are not directly involved in managing the company. This enables the corporation to raise large numbers of money which then supports investments in the company’s expansion. History of corporations In the 1600s the spice trade between East Asia and other countries was very profitable but required large numbers of money to finance the business. Additionally, it was very risky to ship the goods. At that time only the ones who were involved in running the business and knew about what was going on within the company, invested because the risk of losing money due to the unlimited liability was very high. The first step in the direction of limited liabilities made the British-owned company “United East Indian Company” in 1623. This enabled the company to raise a large amount of money to finance its fleet of ships, trade with East Asia, and overtake other firms. This was the first step in the direction of having the opportunity to raise finances beyond what has been possible so far and to undertake large and risky ventures. Nowadays, most large companies are organized as corporations. However, the large number of investors brings challenges with it. ABOUT THE ROLE OF A FINANCE MANAGER The finance manager plays an important role in helping the firm to raise finances and invest these funds in projects that create value for the firm and its shareholders. There are different goals the finance manager has to perform. The management between firm and investors (providers of capital): Either through financial markets such as equity and bond markets or through financial institutions as debt funds in the form of a loan from commercial banks or other financial institutions. The finance manager helps the firm to understand and meet the expectations of the investors. Management of the firm’s funds. Internally is what has been generated from the operations. Externally concerns the funds raised from investors. The finance manager helps to invest the funds in different projects within the firms so that it is ensured that the projects generate adequate value to meet the expectations of the firm’s investors. Advising top management on what to do with the cash flows: The finance managers help to decide whether the firm should reinvest the funds in the business or return the funds to the investors. The decision to reinvest depends on the availability of attractive investment opportunities for the firm. In the case of funds raised from investors in the form of debt, there is a mandated repayment that has to be paid in the form of interest and principal. In the case of funds raised from investors in the form of equity, there are no minimum dividends required however investors might expect dividends. ASSETS AND SOURCES OF FUNDS The balance sheet provides information about the assets a firm owns on a specific date and how they have been funded. To finance the assets, the firm needs the same amount in total liabilities and equity -> Total assets Equity + Total Liabilities EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Shareholders’ funds include initial capital that shareholders have invested retained earnings (capital that has been reinvested) ASSETS Tangible and intangible assets: Tangible (land, plant, machinery, warehouses, office buildings, transport equipment) and intangible (technical expertise, know-how, brands, patents). Particularly for technological firms’ intangible assets can provide a competitive advantage. Current assets are short-term assets that exist for one year or less. Examples would be receivables, cash, and balance. The two major sources of funds in a firm are debt and equity. Debt is the money borrowed from investors and there have to be paid interest and principal. Debt can be borrowed in the form of a loan or bonds. The investors have priorities of being paid by the firm and if the company is not able to pay the investors can force it into bankruptcy. On the other hand, equity is provided by shareholders and there is no minimum repayment required. Equity investors get a share of profits, can elect members of board directors, benefit from dividends if there are any, and profit from share price increases, however, bear the risk of losing their investment. Separation of Ownership and Management While being able to raise a significant amount of resources from a large group of investors, it causes separation between the owners of the firm that is the shareholders and the management. This separation has advantages and disadvantages. A benefit is that the firm is being managed by professional managers who are selected for their ability. On the other hand, there is the principal-agent problem or also called agency costs. That problem arises when an agent (manager) has to make decisions on behalf of the principal (shareholders) and the incentives of the agent and principal do not align with each other. Also, the shareholders do not have the same information that managers have resulting in information asymmetry between the principal and the agent. In such a situation, managers may not work in the best interest of the shareholders. One of the challenges for large corporations is to align the interest of the managers with that of the shareholders. There is a mechanism used by firms to help satisfy both interests. This is made by issuing stock options to managers. These stock options provide the managers the possibility to purchase shares of the company at a pre-determined price. If stock prices then increase, the managers gain from it. This provides incentives for the managers to put in more effort and manage the firm to create value which will increase the share price. The corporation and the stock market The first issue of shares to the general public is called Initial Public Offering (IPO). On the stock market, the investors can buy and sell shares and therefore supports firms to raise equity capital and provide liquidity to shares issued by the firm. Market capitalization… .. of a firm is the market value of the equity share issued by the firm .. of a stock market is the sum of market capitalizations of all the firms listed on the exchange. Average daily turnover is the total turnover of shares bought and sold on an exchange in a year divided by the number of days of trading in a year. The average daily turnover is a measure of the liquidity in an exchange because it measures the average value of shares transacted on a typical day on an exchange. Conclusion In my opinion, corporate finance is one of the most important divisions of a business because matters such as financing, capital structuring, and investment decisions are indispensable for a successful firm. As it focuses on maximizing shareholder value through long and short-term financial planning and the implementation of various strategies while balancing risk and profitability – it helps to stand out from the competition. Additionally, I believe all of the different business forms do have their advantages and disadvantages. It depends on the size of the business, number of partners, liability, taxation, fundraising abilities, and organizational and management structure. Considering all of these points a decision has to be made. For example, the liability – how much risk am I willing to take? The liability includes different aspects such as the relation between the partners, the riskiness of the market itself, the number of employees, and the personal situation (house, family, children). It helps to decide by taking all of the mentioned points into account and weighing which form makes sense the most. Reference Provided PDFs and videos: Introduction (1), Forms of business organization (2), Role of the finance manager (3), Assets and sources of funds (4), Separation of ownership and management (5), The corporation and the stock market (6).

Tag: History of corporations

Overview of Corporate Finance

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